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This image appears to be a scanned page from a book or publication, specifically page 86. The page contains text, a graph, and what seems to be a document or certificate. The text discusses historical figures and diplomatic history, mentioning individuals such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Jay. The graph appears to be related to employment data, and the document seems to be an official certificate or letter, possibly signed by a president, as suggested by the formal language and the presence of a seal. The bottom of the page includes acknowledgments and credits for the source of the images, indicating they are from various museums and historical societies. The page is photographed by Lerner of Raymond & Raymond.

The image shows a page from a publication, likely a book or magazine, with the title "TESTS AND TESTIMONIAL" prominently displayed at the top. The page number "86" is visible in the top left corner. The content appears to be related to the United States Foreign Service and the selection and commissioning of its officers.

On the left side of the page, there are three sample sheets from examinations given to candidates for the Foreign Service officer corps. These sheets include various questions and answer options, as well as a graph labeled "EMPLOYMENT INDEX NUMBERS."

On the right side of the page, there is a detailed text discussing the ranks of embassies, the selection of American Ministers, and the career paths of diplomats. The text mentions several historical figures and events, such as the Rogers Act reforms, World War I, and the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

At the bottom of the page, there are acknowledgments and a list of paintings and engravings with their respective artists and dates. The document also mentions various institutions that own or have provided the artworks mentioned.

In the top right corner, there is a circular portrait of a person, likely a historical figure related to the content of the page. The page is photographed by Lerner of Raymond & Raymond, as indicated in the bottom right corner.

The image depicts a page from a book or document that appears to be discussing the history and role of career diplomats in the Foreign Service. The page is titled "TESTS AND TESTIMONIALS" and includes a mix of text, photographs, and charts.

The text provides insights into the qualifications and career paths of diplomats, noting that historically, many diplomats were career officers who had risen through the ranks. It mentions that after 1924, the practice of appointing career officers as chiefs of mission became more common. The text also discusses the shift in the diplomatic corps, noting that while career officers were once the norm, there has been an increase in political appointees, particularly in the 1950s.

The page includes several photographs, one of which is a portrait of a man, possibly a historical figure related to diplomacy. There are also charts and graphs that seem to illustrate the distribution of career officers versus political appointees over time.

Additionally, the page contains acknowledgments and credits for various paintings and engravings, indicating that the document is part of a larger work that includes visual art related to the subject of diplomacy. The acknowledgments list artists and the institutions that own the artworks, suggesting that the document is scholarly in nature and part of a collection maintained by a historical society or university library.

The document appears to be a valuable resource for understanding the evolution of the diplomatic service, highlighting the balance between career professionals and political appointees and the changing dynamics within the Foreign Service over the years.

The image appears to be a page from a book or report discussing the U.S. Foreign Service and its officers. The page contains both text and illustrations. The text discusses the career paths and qualifications of Foreign Service officers, their appointments and assignments, and the role of political appointees in the Foreign Service.

The illustrations include:

• A graph showing the number of Foreign Service officers over time
• A seal or emblem of the U.S. Foreign Service
• Portraits of several prominent U.S. statesmen, including Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson
• An engraving of Silas Deane, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay negotiating a trade agreement

The page also contains footnotes and references to other sources, indicating that it is part of a larger work of research or analysis. Overall, the image provides a glimpse into the history and structure of the U.S. Foreign Service and its officers.

Description of the Image

The image depicts a page from a historical document or book, likely from the early to mid-20th century, based on its style and content. The page is numbered 86 at the top left corner and is titled "TESTS AND TESTIMONIAL" in bold, capitalized text. The content is primarily textual, discussing aspects of the U.S. Foreign Service, particularly focusing on career officers, political appointees, and the structure of diplomatic missions.

Layout and Content:

1. Header and Title:

   • The page begins with the title "TESTS AND TESTIMONIAL", indicating that this section may be part of a larger discussion or report on evaluations or endorsements related to the Foreign Service.

2. Main Text:

   • The main body of text is divided into several paragraphs, discussing:
     • Career Officers vs. Political Appointees: The text distinguishes between career officers and political appointees in the Foreign Service. It notes that career officers typically hold about two-thirds of the most important posts, such as Berlin, Mexico City, Ottawa, Paris, Rome, Buenos Aires, and political adviser to the military command in London. It also mentions that political appointees are no longer limited to checking a "spree of good neighborhoods" and are now recognized in Latin-American locations.
     • Rank and Status: The text explains that career officers lose their status as Foreign Service officers when they accept the President's appointment to serve as Ambassadors or Ministers. However, they may still be regarded as career men and may be shifted to another embassy or domestic political position in accordance with presidential qualifications or the State Department's needs.
     • Chiefs of Mission: The text discusses the role of chiefs of mission, noting that after 1924, it became more common for career officers to serve as chiefs of mission. These individuals are often assigned to international or national commissions, or to retirement, but they are not typically sent out on a street mission of duty as chiefs of mission.
     • Political Appointees: The text highlights the rise of political appointees in the Foreign Service, noting that many have no partisan connections and are outside the figure of twenty-five years of work in the State Department. Examples include Stanley Hornbeck, Ambassador to the Netherlands after his twenty-five years in the State Department; Pearl Harbor period adviser Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith; former Chief of Staff to Eisenhower; and others.
     • Diplomatic Tradition: The text emphasizes that foreign service career officers do not dispute the tradition of honoring the head of one state as the head of another, in a ceremonial sense. It also discusses the concept of the President as the "personal emissary of the President," extending to the chief of a U.S. mission abroad.

3. Illustrations and Marginalia:

   • On the left side of the page, there is a small illustration or diagram. It appears to be a treemap or hierarchical chart, with a central triangular shape and several smaller shapes branching out. This could represent a conceptual or organizational structure, possibly related to the Foreign Service or its hierarchy.
   • Below the illustration, there is a handwritten note or label that reads: "The Standard of the United States Army", followed by some additional text that is partially obscured. This suggests that the illustration might be related to military standards or protocols.

4. Footer and Acknowledgments:

   • At the bottom of the page, there is a section titled "Acknowledgments", listing several paintings and their artists:
     • "BENJAMIN FRANKLIN" by Joseph S. Duplessis, Paris, 1784.
     • "JOHN JAY" by Joseph Wright, 1786.
     • "JOHN ADAMS" by John Singleton Copley, Peale, Washington, D.C., 1885.
     • "JOHN QUINCY ADAMS" by John Singleton Copley, 1795.
   • The footer also includes a note stating: "Engraving: Authorizing Franklin, Dean, and Jefferson to negotiate trade agreements."
   • Additional acknowledgments are provided for ownership and courtesy of various institutions, including:
     • The New York Historical Society.
     • The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
     • The Harvard College Library.

5. Photographic Credit:

   • The bottom right corner includes a note: "PHOTOGRAPHED BY LENNER OF RAYMOND & RAYMOND", indicating the photographer responsible for capturing the image.

6. Page Continuation:

   • At the bottom of the page, there is a note: "[Continued on page 198]", suggesting that the discussion continues on a later page.

Visual Style:

• The page has a classic, printed appearance with typewriter or typeset text.
• The illustration on the left is simple and monochromatic, likely a line drawing or diagram.
• The overall layout is clean and structured, typical of historical documents or books from the early to mid-20th century.

Summary:

The image shows a page from a historical document discussing the U.S. Foreign Service, focusing on the roles of career officers and political appointees, the structure of diplomatic missions, and the traditions of diplomatic representation. The page includes a small illustration, handwritten notes, acknowledgments of paintings, and credits for ownership and photography. The text is dense and informative, reflecting a detailed analysis of the Foreign Service's organization and practices.

The image displays a page from a book or magazine, featuring a beige background with black text. The page is titled "TESTS AND TESTIMONIAL" and includes a paragraph of text, accompanied by a small image of a letter and a graph. The text discusses the practice of serving as chiefs of mission, which became more common after 1924. It highlights the career of Chief of Mission today thirty-five are career officers. Technically they lose their status as Foreign Service officers when they accept the President's appointment to serve as Ambassadors or Ministers at his pleasure. But in fact they are still regarded as career men; they may be shifted to another embassy or legation (in accordance with their qualifications or the domestic political necessities of the President), given a job in the State Department, or assigned to some international commission. Unless they are close to retirement age, they are not likely to be let out on the street after one tour of duty as chief of mission. After service as a chief of mission, a career man may even revert to the status of Foreign Service Officer Class I. This happened a few months ago to Monnett B. Davis, who was Minister to Denmark. To make room for a deserving Democrat from Delaware, Josiah W. Marvel, Davis was sent to serve as consult general in Shanghai "with the personal rank of Minister." Career men hold about two-thirds of the most important posts. (Career: Berlin—political adviser to the military command—Güenos Aires, Mexico City, Ottawa, Paris, Rome. Political: London, Moscow, Rio de Janeiro.) It is no longer possible, of course, to distinguish the big diplomatic jobs from the lesser ones by checking to see whether the U.S. mission is an embassy or legation. In a plurge of good neighbors, President Roosevelt raised all our Latin-American legations to the rank of embassies. European countries that excited American admiration during the war—the Netherlands, Norway, Greece, and Yugoslavia—were likewise honored. Today there are sixteen American Ministers left. Some of the legations, like those in Australia and Egypt, are unquestionably more significant than our embassy in Honduras. Of the career men who are now Ambassadors or Ministers, all but one entered the service before the Rogers Act reforms. They are presumably the best of the men who went into the diplomatic service during the last ten or fifteen years of the period when a comfortable legacy or a rich wife was indispensable. As a whole the group is marked by an amiable sort of mediocrity. There are some brilliant exceptions and some that fall just short of scandal. The twenty "political" appointees are not easily typed. Several have no partisan connections and are political figures. One of these is Stanley Hornbeck, Ambassador to the Netherlands after twenty-five years' work in the State Department; he was Secretary Hull's chief adviser on the Far East in the pre-Pearl Harbor period. Another is Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, former Chief of Staff to Eisenhower, now Ambassador to Russia. Retired officers of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps represent the U.S. in Panama, Belgium, and the Union of South Africa. Another species of diplomat is known in the service as the "Roosevelt career man". He may have been appointed originally for political reasons but has now been abroad long enough to be treated as a semi-pro (Bowers in Chile, Harriman in Britain, Steinhardt in Czechoslovakia, MacVeagh in Greece). Then there are "political" political appointments, like that of Bernie Baruch's gay brother Herman, Ambassador to Portugal, and Prentice Cooper, former Governor of Tennessee, friend of Boss Crump of Memphis, and now Ambassador to Peru. The most dramatically political appointment of recent years did not get through the Senate—President Roosevelt's nomination of Ed Flynn, of the Brons, to serve as Minister to Australia. Foreign Service officers do not argue that all chiefs of mission should be career men. By diplomatic tradition, still honored in protocol, the Ambassador is the personal emissary from the head of one state to the head of another. In a ceremonial sense, the chief of a U.S. mission abroad is an extension of the person of the President. Mr. Roosevelt, to the annoyance of the George Hull, took this concept quite literally in some instances and sent him to London. Not only did he feel free to take their problems directly to the President, George Messer-Smith, now Ambassador to Argentina, used to fly up from Havana or Mexico City to see Mr. Roosevelt when he felt he was not getting anywhere through regular channels, i.e., the political offices of the department and the Secretary of State. The service accepts such short-circuiting philosophically. The bottom of the page includes a list of acknowledgments and a note indicating that the page is continued on page 198. The background of the image is a light gray color, with a darker gray shadow around the edges.

The image depicts a worn, aged page from a book or document, titled "TESTS AND TESTIMONIAL" at the top. The page is numbered 86 and features a mix of text and images.

Text Content:
The main body of the page consists of two columns of black text, which appears to be an article discussing the selection process for ambassadors and ministers. The text is written in a formal tone and includes references to historical figures and events.

Image Content:
On the left side of the page, there are several images overlaid on top of each other, including:

• A graph with a grid pattern
• A chart with a black shape
• A document with a seal
• A letter or certificate with a signature

These images appear to be related to the topic of the article, but their exact significance is unclear.

Additional Elements:
At the bottom of the page, there are several lines of small text that provide information about the document, including:

• Acknowledgments to various individuals and institutions
• A list of owners, including the New-York Historical Society and Harvard College Library
• A note indicating that the document was photographed by Lerner

Background:
The page is set against a light gray background, which suggests that it may be a scanned or digitized version of the original document. A partial image of a painting or portrait is visible in the top-right corner of the image, adding to the overall sense of age and historical significance.

Overall, the image presents a fascinating glimpse into a historical document that sheds light on the process of selecting diplomatic representatives.

The image presents a vintage page from a book or article, featuring a mix of text and images. The page is yellowed with age and has a rough, torn edge on the right side.

Text:

• The main body of text is divided into two columns, discussing the role of career officers in the Foreign Service and their appointments as ambassadors or ministers.
• The title "TESTS AND TESTIMONIAL" appears at the top left, accompanied by three graphs and a letter.
• A continuation note at the bottom right indicates that the article continues on page 198.

Images:

• A circular portrait of a man with long hair is partially visible in the upper-right corner.
• A small seal or logo is located in the bottom-left corner, featuring an eagle and other indistinct elements.

Acknowledgments:

• A list of acknowledgments for paintings, engravings, and documents is provided at the bottom of the page, including credits for various artists and institutions.

Background:

• The page is set against a plain gray background, suggesting that it may be a product photo for an online archive or library.

The image depicts a page from an old book or magazine, featuring a yellowed paper with black text and images. The page is titled "TESTS AND TESTIMONIAL" and appears to be discussing the history of foreign service officers in the United States.

Key Features:

• Title: "TESTS AND TESTIMONIAL"
• Page Number: 86
• Content: Discussion of foreign service officers in the United States
• Images: Various images, including a graph, a certificate, and a portrait of a man
• Text: Black text on yellowed paper
• Background: Gray background

Additional Details:

• The page appears to be from an old book or magazine, possibly from the early 20th century.
• The text is written in a formal style, suggesting that it may be from an academic or professional publication.
• The images on the page include a graph, a certificate, and a portrait of a man, which may be related to the topic of foreign service officers.
• The page has a worn and aged appearance, with tears and creases visible along the edges.

Overall, the image suggests that the page is from an old book or magazine that discusses the history of foreign service officers in the United States. The formal style of the text and the inclusion of images suggest that the publication may have been intended for an academic or professional audience.

The image is a page from a book or document discussing the roles and backgrounds of U.S. chiefs of mission, specifically focusing on the distinctions between career officers and political appointees. Here are the key points summarized:

Career Officers vs. Political Appointees

• Career Officers:

  • Of the 55 chiefs of mission, 35 are career officers.
  • They hold the status of Foreign Service Officer Class I.
  • They are typically appointed to serve as Ambassadors or Ministers.
  • Career officers are regarded as professionals and may be shifted to other missions or legations.
  • They often hold about two-thirds of the most important posts (e.g., Berlin, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Ottawa, Paris, Rome, and London).

• Political Appointees:

  • There are 20 political appointees.
  • These appointees often have no prior diplomatic experience and are chosen from outside the career service.
  • Examples include former State Department employees, retired military officers, and individuals with political connections.
  • Some notable political appointees include Joseph E. Davies (Moscow), Joseph W. Marvel (Shanghai), and others.

Historical Context and Practices

• Post-1924 Changes:

  • After 1924, it became more common for career officers to serve as chiefs of mission.
  • Before 1924, political appointees were more prevalent.

• Examples of Political Appointees:

  • Joseph E. Davies, a Democrat from Delaware, served as consul general in Shanghai before becoming an ambassador.
  • Other examples include individuals with political connections or those who have served in other government roles.

Acknowledgments and References

• The document includes acknowledgments for various paintings, photographs, and documents used in the text.
• Paintings and photographs are credited to institutions like the New-York Historical Society, the National Archives, and the Library of Congress.
• Documents are credited to various archives and libraries, including the Harvard College Library and the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.

Visual Elements

• The page includes a portrait of an individual (likely a historical figure related to the topic).
• There are also graphs and charts that seem to relate to the data discussed in the text.

This summary captures the main points and structure of the document, providing a clear understanding of its content.